Simulation-Based Analysis of Hydrogen Refueling Station to Support Future Hydrogen Trucks and Technological Advances

Introduction

The transition to renewable energy in transportation, specifically hydrogen as a fuel, is critical for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Heavy-duty trucks contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, and their shift to hydrogen fuel cells requires a robust infrastructure of refueling stations. The study in this paper follows a simulation-based approach for hydrogen infrastructure optimization.

By simulating different scenarios, researchers assessed the infrastructure needed to meet projected hydrogen truck demand in the Bremen region in northern Germany.

Simulation model

The simulation model was developed using AnyLogic, leveraging its agent-based and discrete-event modeling capabilities. It incorporated geospatial traffic data and modeled truck behavior, refueling processes, and station operations.

Key parameters included truck arrival frequency, initial tank levels, refueling speed, and station capacity. Stations were equipped with dispensers and storage tanks supplied by hydrogen tankers.


A visual representation of dispenser logic implemented in AnyLogic

Screenshot of simulation logic of a dispenser in AnyLogic (click to enlarge)

Scenarios explored variations in hydrogen truck share (from 5% to 50%), refueling speeds (1-5 kg/min), and station numbers (from 3 to 12).


Two distinct maps displaying the geographical locations of different road types

Hydrogen infrastructure optimization with a simulation model using GIS Map element in AnyLogic (click to enlarge)

The model dynamically allocated trucks to stations based on queue length and distance, capturing realistic operational challenges. The simulation's design ensured scalability and adaptability for future research on hydrogen infrastructure optimization.

Results

Simulation results show that infrastructure sufficiency depends on balancing the number of stations and refueling speed. Three stations are enough at a 5% truck share, but higher shares require more stations or faster refueling. For example, at 50% truck share, 12 stations with a 5 kg/min refueling speed can meet demand, keeping refueling times under 8 minutes.

Technological advancements in refueling speed can significantly reduce the need for additional stations. It demonstrates that investment in technology can optimize infrastructure costs and enhance the usage of renewable energy in transportation.

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